References
343 external references, grouped by sub-type. Their weight is the number of occurrences found in the body of the text; it peaks at 14.
What this count is worth, and what it is not worth
Linking a reference to the sections that cite it is inferred from an author-year pattern, not declared by the book. 200 references out of 343 are linked to at least one section. A rate close to 100% would signal over-matching, not success; the 143 references with no link are cited outside the body text, or in a form the pattern does not recognise.
| Subtype | Count | Linked to at least one section |
|---|---|---|
| Academic articles and books | 221 | 141 |
| Institutional sources | 77 | 37 |
| Legal instruments | 35 | 15 |
| Datasets | 10 | 7 |
All references
Academic articles and books (221)
Border adjustment (BFM). A quantitative trade model using plant-level data shows that a well-designed carbon border adjustment can curb carbon leakage without disproportionately penalising low-income partners, but only under a specific design and largely for steel and aluminium (Clausing et al., 2025) — which is why the Border Fairness Mechanism must add what a border tax lacks: redistribution, consent and broader coverage.
14 occurrences detected · 2025 · view in the diagram
Cited by: 12.3 Producing and disciplining political will · 13.2 Objections and responses · 14.1 The sixteen limits and their research fronts · 4.1 Origins of the framework · 4.2 Nine design principles · 5.10 Who pays: the rated never pays the rater · 5.5 Border Fairness Mechanism — the adjustment layer · 5.7 Democratic certification of digital systems — IPDA as candidate host · 5.9 The architecture as a chain: the interfaces between the seven · 6.2 Global Accountability Framework — the operational framework · 8.5 GFEA, BFM and GSF: consequence, adjustment and financing
Financing (GSF). The recent replenishment rounds of the main vertical funds have systematically fallen short of their target (Madan Keller et al., 2024) — an empirical confirmation that a purely financial mandate, detached from the rest of the accountability chain, cannot balance its budget without sacrificing either thematic rigour or geographical equity.
12 occurrences detected · 2024 · view in the diagram
Cited by: 10.1 Executive summary · 10.10 Financing: moving from announced amounts to useful flows · 10.4 What Sevilla made possible — and what remains to be linked · 10.5 An implementation and accountability layer for Sevilla · 12.3 Producing and disciplining political will · 12.7 From the work to institutional approval: the United Nations sequence · 3.3 The financing level: Sevilla, mapped · 3.5 Reconciliation of the 129 profile and the coding of the 130
Ostrom, E. (2010a) 'Beyond markets and states: polycentric governance of complex economic systems', American Economic Review, 100(3), pp. 641–672.
7 occurrences detected · view in the diagram
Cited by: 13.1 Design tensions and resolutions · 13.2 Objections and responses · 4.1 Origins of the framework · 4.6 The governance choice criterion: transaction costs, human costs and the counterfactual · 5.4 Global Financial Equity Authority (GFEA) — the pricing layer
International Court of Justice (2025) Obligations of States in respect of Climate Change, Advisory Opinion of 23 July 2025, case no. 187. The Hague: International Court of Justice. (Advisory opinion, delivered unanimously; it states obligations and does not of itself entail either a finding of responsibility or an order of reparation.)
6 occurrences detected · 2025 · view in the diagram
Cited by: 3.1 The United Nations level: a diagnosis without means of constraint · 5.8 Humanity Court — the adjudicative layer
Buchanan, J.M. and Tullock, G. (1962) The Calculus of Consent: Logical Foundations of Constitutional Democracy. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
5 occurrences detected · 1962 · view in the diagram
Cited by: 12.2 Political economy of adoption · 13.2 Objections and responses · 2.7 The power objection tested against the century · 4.1 Origins of the framework · 5.1 Common constitutional and governance foundation
Buchanan, A. and Keohane, R.O. (2006) ‘The legitimacy of global governance institutions’, Ethics & International Affairs, 20(4), pp. 405–437. doi:10.1111/j.1747-7093.2006.00043.x.
5 occurrences detected · 2006 · view in the diagram
Cited by: 12.2 Political economy of adoption · 13.2 Objections and responses · 2.7 The power objection tested against the century · 4.1 Origins of the framework · 5.1 Common constitutional and governance foundation
Koremenos, B., Lipson, C. and Snidal, D. (2001) ‘The Rational Design of International Institutions’, International Organization, 55(4), pp. 761–799.
5 occurrences detected · 2001 · view in the diagram
Cited by: 13.2 Objections and responses · 4.1.2 Positioning within the neighbouring literatures and the contribution proper · 4.3 Design requirements and alternative architectures · 4.7 From the chain to the institutions: the design requirements and their institutional response · Extended abstract
Barnett, M.N. and Finnemore, M. (1999) ‘The Politics, Power, and Pathologies of International Organizations’, International Organization, 53(4), pp. 699–732. doi:10.1162/002081899551048.
4 occurrences detected · 1999 · view in the diagram
Cited by: 13.2 Objections and responses · 2.5 The deficit, stated · 5.2 Human Impacts Board (HuIB) — the measurement layer · 5.9 The architecture as a chain: the interfaces between the seven
Ocampo, J.A. (2017) Resetting the International Monetary (Non)System. WIDER Studies in Development Economics. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/oso/9780198718116.001.0001.
4 occurrences detected · 2017 · view in the diagram
Cited by: 13.2 Objections and responses · 3.1 The United Nations level: a diagnosis without means of constraint · 3.3 The financing level: Sevilla, mapped · 9.4 What the architecture would do in the face of a spillover effect
Pricing and equity (GFEA). The coordination pathway that the present work posits is now concretely on the table. A proposal for a coordinated minimum effective rate on ultra-high-net-worth individuals shows that a tax standard can begin with a coalition of the willing and a collector of last resort rather than with a universal treaty (Zucman, 2024); and a quantitative analysis of the fifteen per cent global minimum tax documents the extent to which its effective yield is diluted in practice (Hugger et al., 2024) —
4 occurrences detected · 2024 · view in the diagram
Cited by: 13.2 Objections and responses · 5.4 Global Financial Equity Authority (GFEA) — the pricing layer · 9.4 What the architecture would do in the face of a spillover effect
Status and scope. This annex consolidates in a single place everything the document asserts, and refuses to assert, about the Tunisian case of monetary spillovers. It is the case file provided for by the transitional provision of Annex F (§F.16): it fixes the evidentiary status of each figure, the classification of the case under the Annex F framework at the pre-Configuration M level, the reconciliation obligation that conditions any statement of convergence, and the programme of work leading to the Configuration M
4 occurrences detected · 2021 · view in the diagram
Cited by: 15.8 Foundations and specific contribution · 15 From corrective accountability to anticipatory accountability: the prevention loop · 4.3 Design requirements and alternative architectures · 9.2 The discipline of attribution
Status of sources and of the LDC list: 23 July 2026
4 occurrences detected · 2026 · view in the diagram
Cited by: 15.8 Foundations and specific contribution · 15 From corrective accountability to anticipatory accountability: the prevention loop · 4.3 Design requirements and alternative architectures · 9.2 The discipline of attribution
Victor, D.G. (2011) Global Warming Gridlock: Creating More Effective Strategies for Protecting the Planet. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
4 occurrences detected · 2011 · view in the diagram
Cited by: 13.1.1 Can fragmentation protect? · 13.2 Objections and responses · 4.1.2 Positioning within the neighbouring literatures and the contribution proper
Yaiche, N. (2023) ‘L’échec à anticiper et à traiter l’inflation est l’une des leçons de ces trois dernières années’ [The failure to anticipate and to address inflation is one of the lessons of these past three years], Jeune Afrique, May 2023.
4 occurrences detected · 2023 · view in the diagram
Cited by: 2.1 A practitioner’s vignette · 2.2 Invisible externalities, a definition · 4.1 Origins of the framework · 9.3 Orders of magnitude, at three scales
Acemoglu, D. and Robinson, J.A. (2012) Why Nations Fail: The Origins of Power, Prosperity, and Poverty. New York: Crown Business.
3 occurrences detected · 2012 · view in the diagram
Cited by: 12.4 Legitimacy, representation and withdrawal · 13.2 Objections and responses · 13.3 The cost of inaction
Biermann, F., Pattberg, P., van Asselt, H. and Zelli, F. (2009) ‘The Fragmentation of Global Governance Architectures: A Framework for Analysis’, Global Environmental Politics, 9(4), pp. 14–40. doi:10.1162/glep.2009.9.4.14.
3 occurrences detected · 2009 · view in the diagram
Cited by: 13.2 Objections and responses · 2.5 The deficit, stated · 4.3 Design requirements and alternative architectures
Bovens, M. (2007) ‘Analysing and Assessing Accountability: A Conceptual Framework’, European Law Journal, 13(4), pp. 447–468. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0386.2007.00378.x.
3 occurrences detected · 2007 · view in the diagram
Cited by: 2.5 The deficit, stated · 4.1.2 Positioning within the neighbouring literatures and the contribution proper · Extended abstract
Global Financial Integrity (2021) Trade-Related Illicit Financial Flows in 134 Developing Countries, 2009–2018. Washington, DC: GFI.
3 occurrences detected · 2021 · view in the diagram
Cited by: 12.2 Political economy of adoption · 13.2 Objections and responses · 2.4 Orders of magnitude
International Energy Agency (2025) Energy and AI. Paris: International Energy Agency.
3 occurrences detected · 2025 · view in the diagram
Cited by: 3.1 The United Nations level: a diagnosis without means of constraint · 5.8 Humanity Court — the adjudicative layer · 8 The integrated demonstrator: an AI data centre
International Law Commission (2001) Draft Articles on Prevention of Transboundary Harm from Hazardous Activities, with commentaries. Report of the ILC, 53rd session, A/56/10.
3 occurrences detected · 2001 · view in the diagram
Cited by: 15.8 Foundations and specific contribution · 5.8 Humanity Court — the adjudicative layer · 9.7 From spillover to consequence: what must be established before pricing
Keohane, R.O. and Victor, D.G. (2011) 'The Regime Complex for Climate Change', Perspectives on Politics, 9(1), pp. 7–23.
3 occurrences detected · 2011 · view in the diagram
Cited by: 13.1.1 Can fragmentation protect? · 13.2 Objections and responses · 4.1.2 Positioning within the neighbouring literatures and the contribution proper
Kingsbury, B., Krisch, N. and Stewart, R.B. (2005) ‘The Emergence of Global Administrative Law’, Law and Contemporary Problems, 68(3–4), pp. 15–62.
3 occurrences detected · 2005 · view in the diagram
Cited by: 2.5 The deficit, stated · 4.1.2 Positioning within the neighbouring literatures and the contribution proper · Extended abstract
Ostrom, E. (1990) Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
3 occurrences detected · 1990 · view in the diagram
Cited by: 13.2 Objections and responses · 4.6 The governance choice criterion: transaction costs, human costs and the counterfactual · 5.4 Global Financial Equity Authority (GFEA) — the pricing layer
Ostrom, E. (2010b) ‘Polycentric Systems for Coping with Collective Action and Global Environmental Change’, Global Environmental Change, 20(4), pp. 550–557. doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2010.07.004.
3 occurrences detected · 2010 · view in the diagram
Cited by: 13.1.1 Can fragmentation protect? · 4.1.2 Positioning within the neighbouring literatures and the contribution proper · Extended abstract
Rating (GIRA). Recent work shows that private rating decisions govern fiscal space: a late-2025 revision of the treatment of the callable capital of the multilateral development banks released, through a single methodological choice, a substantial volume of additional lending capacity (Cash, 2025), while a dedicated reform programme sets out how the rating function could be made accountable (Cash and Khan, 2024). It is this channel — and not a model to be admired — that the separation between rating and pricing eff
3 occurrences detected · 2025 · view in the diagram
Cited by: 11.12 Proposed pilot: Peace Accountability Track · 5.3 Global Impact Rating Authority (GIRA) — the translation layer · 9.8 The stacking of tightenings and the exhaustion of fiscal buffers
Theory of the architecture. Regime-complexity analysis presents the 7+3 as an architecture designed to manage interface conflicts — separate mandates, collision rules, arbitration — rather than as a super-agency (Kreuder-Sonnen, Schmotz and Zürn, 2025). Combined with the literature on orchestration in development governance (Cormier, Heinzel and Reinsberg, 2024) and on the accountability of global governance (Lall, 2025), it supplies the vocabulary of delegation and accountability that the argument requires.
3 occurrences detected · 2025 · view in the diagram
Cited by: 10.5 An implementation and accountability layer for Sevilla · 11.4 Theory of change: from the ungoverned grievance to escalation, then to de-escalation · 4.7 From the chain to the institutions: the design requirements and their institutional response
Yaiche, N. (2025) 'Reframing technology and finance through the lens of humanity', Keynote address, IEEE TSYP13 'For Humanity', 22 December 2025.
3 occurrences detected · 2025 · view in the diagram
Cited by: 2.2 Invisible externalities, a definition · 4.1 Origins of the framework
2025 for delayed effects, refinancings and first normalisations;
2 occurrences detected · 2025 · view in the diagram
Cited by: 12.3 Producing and disciplining political will · 2.5 The deficit, stated
Abbott, K.W., Keohane, R.O., Moravcsik, A., Slaughter, A.-M. and Snidal, D. (2000) 'The concept of legalization', International Organization, 54(3), pp. 401–419.
2 occurrences detected · 2000 · view in the diagram
Cited by: 4.1 Origins of the framework · 6.4 Hierarchy, adoption and legal effects
Abbott, K.W. and Snidal, D. (2000) ‘Hard and soft law in international governance’, International Organization, 54(3), pp. 421–456. doi:10.1162/002081800551280.
2 occurrences detected · 2000 · view in the diagram
Cited by: 4.1 Origins of the framework · 6.4 Hierarchy, adoption and legal effects
Abbott, K.W., Genschel, P., Snidal, D. and Zangl, B. (eds) (2015) International Organizations as Orchestrators. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2 occurrences detected · 2015 · view in the diagram
Cited by: 4.1 Origins of the framework · 6.4 Hierarchy, adoption and legal effects
Abdelal, R. (2007) Capital Rules: The Construction of Global Finance. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
2 occurrences detected · 2007 · view in the diagram
Cited by: 2.6 Two rival explanations of the deficit — and how to decide between them · 5.3 Global Impact Rating Authority (GIRA) — the translation layer
Abdelal, R. and Blyth, M. (2015) ‘Just Who Put You in Charge? We Did: Credit Rating Agencies and the Politics of Ratings’, in Cooley, A. and Snyder, J. (eds) Ranking the World: Grading States as a Tool of Global Governance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 39–59. doi:10.1017/CBO9781316161555.003.
2 occurrences detected · 2015 · view in the diagram
Cited by: 5.3 Global Impact Rating Authority (GIRA) — the translation layer
Alter, K.J. and Meunier, S. (2009) ‘The Politics of International Regime Complexity’, Perspectives on Politics, 7(1), pp. 13–24. doi:10.1017/S1537592709090033.
2 occurrences detected · 2009 · view in the diagram
Cited by: 13.1.1 Can fragmentation protect? · 4.1.2 Positioning within the neighbouring literatures and the contribution proper
Coase, R.H. (1960) 'The problem of social cost', Journal of Law and Economics, 3, pp. 1–44.
2 occurrences detected · 1960 · view in the diagram
Cited by: 2.2 Invisible externalities, a definition · 4.6 The governance choice criterion: transaction costs, human costs and the counterfactual
Gopinath, G., Boz, E., Casas, C., Díez, F.J., Gourinchas, P.-O. and Plagborg-Møller, M. (2020) 'Dominant Currency Paradigm', American Economic Review, 110(3), pp. 677–719. doi:10.1257/aer.20171201.
2 occurrences detected · 2020 · view in the diagram
Cited by: 3.1 The United Nations level: a diagnosis without means of constraint · 9.7 From spillover to consequence: what must be established before pricing
Grant, R.W. and Keohane, R.O. (2005) ‘Accountability and Abuses of Power in World Politics’, American Political Science Review, 99(1), pp. 29–43. doi:10.1017/S0003055405051476.
2 occurrences detected · 2005 · view in the diagram
Cited by: 4.1.2 Positioning within the neighbouring literatures and the contribution proper · Extended abstract
Hicks, J.R. (1939) 'The Foundations of Welfare Economics', The Economic Journal, 49(196), pp. 696–712. doi:10.2307/2225023.
2 occurrences detected · 1939 · view in the diagram
Cited by: 5.6 Global Solidarity Fund (GSF) — the financing layer · 9.2 The discipline of attribution
Holmström, B. (1979) 'Moral Hazard and Observability', The Bell Journal of Economics, 10(1), pp. 74–91.
2 occurrences detected · 1979 · view in the diagram
Cited by: 13.1.1 Can fragmentation protect? · 5.7.1 Algorithmic assurance beyond human sign-off.
Howse, R. and Regan, D. (2000) ‘The Product/Process Distinction: An Illusory Basis for Disciplining Unilateralism in Trade Policy’, European Journal of International Law, 11(2), pp. 249–289. doi:10.1093/ejil/11.2.249.
2 occurrences detected · 2000 · view in the diagram
Cited by: 5.5 Border Fairness Mechanism — the adjustment layer
Kaldor, N. (1939) 'Welfare Propositions of Economics and Interpersonal Comparisons of Utility', The Economic Journal, 49(195), pp. 549–552. doi:10.2307/2224835.
2 occurrences detected · 1939 · view in the diagram
Cited by: 5.6 Global Solidarity Fund (GSF) — the financing layer · 9.2 The discipline of attribution
Kapp, K.W. (1950) The Social Costs of Private Enterprise. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
2 occurrences detected · 1950 · view in the diagram
Cited by: 4.6 The governance choice criterion: transaction costs, human costs and the counterfactual · 5.2 Human Impacts Board (HuIB) — the measurement layer
Koppell, J.G.S. (2005) ‘Pathologies of Accountability: ICANN and the Challenge of “Multiple Accountabilities Disorder”’, Public Administration Review, 65(1), pp. 94–108. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6210.2005.00434.x.
2 occurrences detected · 2005 · view in the diagram
Cited by: 13.2 Objections and responses · 4.2 Nine design principles
Miranda-Agrippino, S. and Rey, H. (2020) 'U.S. monetary policy and the global financial cycle', Review of Economic Studies, 87(6), pp. 2754–2776.
2 occurrences detected · 2020 · view in the diagram
Cited by: 9.1 Four families, fifteen mechanisms · 9.7 From spillover to consequence: what must be established before pricing
Nash, J.F. (1951) 'Non-Cooperative Games', Annals of Mathematics, 54(2), pp. 286–295.
2 occurrences detected · 1951 · view in the diagram
Cited by: 12.2 Political economy of adoption · 13.2 Objections and responses
Pigou, A.C. (1920) The Economics of Welfare. London: Macmillan.
2 occurrences detected · 1920 · view in the diagram
Cited by: 2.2 Invisible externalities, a definition · 9.7 From spillover to consequence: what must be established before pricing
Rajan, R.G. (2015) 'Competitive monetary easing: is it yesterday once more?', Macroeconomics and Finance in Emerging Market Economies, 8(1–2), pp. 5–16. doi:10.1080/17520843.2014.992451.
2 occurrences detected · 2015 · view in the diagram
Cited by: 9.4 What the architecture would do in the face of a spillover effect · 9.7 From spillover to consequence: what must be established before pricing
Rennert, K., Errickson, F., Prest, B.C., Rennels, L., Newell, R.G., Pizer, W., Kingdon, C., Wingenroth, J., Cooke, R., Parthum, B. et al. (2022) 'Comprehensive evidence implies a higher social cost of CO2', Nature, 610, pp. 687-692.
2 occurrences detected · 2022 · view in the diagram
Cited by: 2.3 Modes and sectors: a working taxonomy · 5.4 Global Financial Equity Authority (GFEA) — the pricing layer
Sarbanes-Oxley Act (2002) Public Company Accounting Oversight; Corporate Responsibility. Public Law 107-204, Section 109. Washington, DC.
2 occurrences detected · 2002 · view in the diagram
Williamson, O.E. (1985) The Economic Institutions of Capitalism: Firms, Markets, Relational Contracting. New York: Free Press.
2 occurrences detected · 1985 · view in the diagram
Cited by: 13.2 Objections and responses · 4.6 The governance choice criterion: transaction costs, human costs and the counterfactual
World Economic Forum (2025) The Global Risks Report 2025. 20th edn. Geneva: World Economic Forum.
2 occurrences detected · 2025 · view in the diagram
Cited by: 11.15 Resilience and crisis response: rapid modes within fixed mandates · 11.16 The cost of the crisis to come
Acemoglu, D., Johnson, S. and Robinson, J.A. (2001) 'The Colonial Origins of Comparative Development: An Empirical Investigation', American Economic Review, 91(5), pp. 1369–1401.
1 occurrence detected · 2001 · view in the diagram
Acemoglu, D. and Johnson, S. (2023) Power and Progress: Our Thousand-Year Struggle Over Technology and Prosperity. New York: PublicAffairs.
1 occurrence detected · 2023 · view in the diagram
Cited by: 7 Institutions equipped with AI, governed by humans
Akerlof, G.A. (1970) 'The Market for “Lemons”: Quality Uncertainty and the Market Mechanism', The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 84(3), pp. 488–500. doi:10.2307/1879431.
1 occurrence detected · 1970 · view in the diagram
Cited by: 5.3 Global Impact Rating Authority (GIRA) — the translation layer
Akkaya, Y., Hutchinson, J., Jørgensen, K. and Skeppås, E. (2024) 'Quantitative tightening: how do shrinking Eurosystem bond holdings affect long-term interest rates?', The ECB Blog, 14 November. Frankfurt: European Central Bank. Available at: https://www.ecb.europa.eu/press/blog/date/2024/html/ecb.blog241114~6a3182c0bd.en.html
1 occurrence detected · 2024 · view in the diagram
Cited by: 9.8 The stacking of tightenings and the exhaustion of fiscal buffers
Banerjee, A.V. and Duflo, E. (2011) Poor Economics: A Radical Rethinking of the Way to Fight Global Poverty. New York: PublicAffairs.
1 occurrence detected · 2011 · view in the diagram
Cited by: 12.5 Minimum viable pilot
Berg, F., Kölbel, J.F. and Rigobon, R. (2022) 'Aggregate confusion: the divergence of ESG ratings', Review of Finance, 26(6), pp. 1315–1344.
1 occurrence detected · 2022 · view in the diagram
Cited by: 13.2 Objections and responses
Bloomberg Businessweek (2021) 'The ESG mirage', 10 December.
1 occurrence detected · 2021 · view in the diagram
Cited by: 13.2 Objections and responses
Boorman, J.T. and Icard, A. (eds.) (2011) Reform of the International Monetary System: The Palais Royal Initiative. New Delhi: SAGE Publications / Emerging Markets Forum.
1 occurrence detected · 2011 · view in the diagram
Cited by: 9.4 What the architecture would do in the face of a spillover effect
Budish, E., Cramton, P. and Shim, J. (2015) 'The high-frequency trading arms race: frequent batch auctions as a market design response', Quarterly Journal of Economics, 130(4), pp. 1547–1621.
1 occurrence detected · 2015 · view in the diagram
Böhringer, C., Carbone, J.C. and Rutherford, T.F. (2012) 'Unilateral climate policy design: Efficiency and equity implications of alternative instruments to reduce carbon leakage', Energy Economics, 34(S2), pp. S208–S217.
1 occurrence detected · 2012 · view in the diagram
Cited by: 5.5 Border Fairness Mechanism — the adjustment layer
Calvo, G.A. (1998) 'Capital flows and capital-market crises: the simple economics of sudden stops', Journal of Applied Economics, 1(1), pp. 35–54.
1 occurrence detected · 1998 · view in the diagram
Cited by: 9.1 Four families, fifteen mechanisms
Cerra, V. and Saxena, S.C. (2008) ‘Growth Dynamics: The Myth of Economic Recovery’, American Economic Review, 98(1), pp. 439–457. doi:10.1257/aer.98.1.439.
1 occurrence detected · 2008 · view in the diagram
Cited by: 9.8 The stacking of tightenings and the exhaustion of fiscal buffers
Clarke, D.J. and Dercon, S. (2016) Dull Disasters? How Planning Ahead Will Make a Difference. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1 occurrence detected · 2016 · view in the diagram
Cited by: 11.17 Rapid modes within fixed mandates
Coase, R.H. (1937) 'The Nature of the Firm', Economica, 4(16), pp. 386–405. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0335.1937.tb00002.x.
1 occurrence detected · 1937 · view in the diagram
Cited by: 4.6 The governance choice criterion: transaction costs, human costs and the counterfactual
Court of Justice of the European Union (2023) European Superleague Company SL v. FIFA and UEFA, Case C-333/21. Luxembourg.
1 occurrence detected · 2023 · view in the diagram
Cited by: 6.2.1 The solidarity clause
Crawley, E., Gagnon, E., Hebden, J. and Trevino, J. (2022) 'Substitutability between balance sheet reductions and policy rate hikes: some illustrations and a discussion', FEDS Notes, 3 June. Washington, DC: Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System.
1 occurrence detected · 2022 · view in the diagram
Cited by: 9.8 The stacking of tightenings and the exhaustion of fiscal buffers
Daly, H.E. and Cobb, J.B. (1989) For the Common Good. Boston: Beacon Press.
1 occurrence detected · 1989 · view in the diagram
Cited by: 5.2 Human Impacts Board (HuIB) — the measurement layer
Dasgupta, P. (2021) The Economics of Biodiversity: The Dasgupta Review. London: HM Treasury.
1 occurrence detected · 2021 · view in the diagram
Cited by: 5.2 Human Impacts Board (HuIB) — the measurement layer
Dixit, A.K. (2004) Lawlessness and Economics: Alternative Modes of Governance. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
1 occurrence detected · 2004 · view in the diagram
Cited by: 13.2 Objections and responses
Dodd-Frank Act (2010) Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, Public Law 111-203, Section 939F. Washington, DC.
1 occurrence detected · 2010 · view in the diagram
Duflo, E., Glennerster, R. and Kremer, M. (2007) 'Using Randomization in Development Economics Research: A Toolkit', in Handbook of Development Economics, vol. 4. Amsterdam: Elsevier, pp. 3895–3962.
1 occurrence detected · 2007 · view in the diagram
Cited by: 12.5 Minimum viable pilot
EITI (2023) 'EITI Standard 2023'. Oslo: Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative.
1 occurrence detected · 2023 · view in the diagram
Eichengreen, B., Mehl, A. and Chiţu, L. (2017) How Global Currencies Work: Past, Present, and Future. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
1 occurrence detected · 2017 · view in the diagram
Cited by: 2.7 The power objection tested against the century
European Court of Human Rights (2018) Mutu and Pechstein v. Switzerland, applications nos. 40575/10 and 67474/10. Strasbourg.
1 occurrence detected · 2018 · view in the diagram
FATF (2025) 'Methodology for Assessing Technical Compliance with the FATF Recommendations and the Effectiveness of AML/CFT/CPF Systems'. Paris: Financial Action Task Force.
1 occurrence detected · 2025 · view in the diagram
Farhi, E. and Werning, I. (2016) 'A Theory of Macroprudential Policies in the Presence of Nominal Rigidities', Econometrica, 84(5), pp. 1645–1704. doi:10.3982/ECTA11883.
1 occurrence detected · 2016 · view in the diagram
Cited by: 9.7 From spillover to consequence: what must be established before pricing
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (2024) Risk-Based Deposit Insurance Assessments. Washington, DC: FDIC.
1 occurrence detected · 2024 · view in the diagram
Finnemore, M. and Sikkink, K. (1998) 'International Norm Dynamics and Political Change', International Organization, 52(4), pp. 887–917.
1 occurrence detected · 1998 · view in the diagram
Cited by: 12.2 Political economy of adoption
Forbes, K.J. and Warnock, F.E. (2012) 'Capital flow waves: surges, stops, flight, and retrenchment', Journal of International Economics, 88(2), pp. 235–251.
1 occurrence detected · 2012 · view in the diagram
Cited by: 9.1 Four families, fifteen mechanisms
Franck, T.M. (1990) The Power of Legitimacy Among Nations. New York: Oxford University Press.
1 occurrence detected · 1990 · view in the diagram
Gehring, T. and Faude, B. (2014) ‘A Theory of Emerging Order within Institutional Complexes: How Competition among Regulatory International Institutions Leads to Institutional Adaptation and Division of Labor’, The Review of International Organizations, 9(4), pp. 471–498. doi:10.1007/s11558-014-9197-1.
1 occurrence detected · 2014 · view in the diagram
Cited by: 13.2 Objections and responses
González-Rozada, M. and Levy Yeyati, E. (2008) 'Global Factors and Emerging Market Spreads', The Economic Journal, 118(533), pp. 1917–1936. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0297.2008.02196.x.
1 occurrence detected · 2008 · view in the diagram
Cited by: 9.1 Four families, fifteen mechanisms
Goodin, R.E. (ed.) (1996) The Theory of Institutional Design. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1 occurrence detected · 1996 · view in the diagram
Cited by: 4.1.2 Positioning within the neighbouring literatures and the contribution proper
Grabel, I. (2017) When Things Don’t Fall Apart: Global Financial Governance and Developmental Finance in an Age of Productive Incoherence. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
1 occurrence detected · 2017 · view in the diagram
Cited by: 13.2 Objections and responses
Grossman, S.J. and Hart, O.D. (1986) 'The Costs and Benefits of Ownership: A Theory of Vertical and Lateral Integration', Journal of Political Economy, 94(4), pp. 691–719.
1 occurrence detected · 1986 · view in the diagram
Cited by: 13.1.1 Can fragmentation protect?
Gruber, L. (2000) Ruling the World: Power Politics and the Rise of Supranational Institutions. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
1 occurrence detected · 2000 · view in the diagram
Cited by: 2.6 Two rival explanations of the deficit — and how to decide between them
Guiso, L., Sapienza, P. and Zingales, L. (2009) 'Cultural biases in economic exchange?', Quarterly Journal of Economics, 124(3), pp. 1095–1131.
1 occurrence detected · 2009 · view in the diagram
Cited by: 13.2 Objections and responses
Guston, D.H. (2001) ‘Boundary Organizations in Environmental Policy and Science: An Introduction’, Science, Technology, & Human Values, 26(4), pp. 399–408. doi:10.1177/016224390102600401.
1 occurrence detected · 2001 · view in the diagram
Cited by: 5.7 Democratic certification of digital systems — IPDA as candidate host
Guston, D.H. (2014) ‘Understanding anticipatory governance’, Social Studies of Science, 44(2), pp. 218–242. doi:10.1177/0306312713508669.
1 occurrence detected · 2014 · view in the diagram
Haas, E.B. (1964) Beyond the Nation-State: Functionalism and International Organization. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
1 occurrence detected · 1964 · view in the diagram
Cited by: 4.1.2 Positioning within the neighbouring literatures and the contribution proper
Holmström, B. and Milgrom, P. (1991) 'Multitask Principal-Agent Analyses: Incentive Contracts, Asset Ownership, and Job Design', Journal of Law, Economics, & Organization, 7 (Special Issue), pp. 24–52.
1 occurrence detected · 1991 · view in the diagram
Cited by: 13.1.1 Can fragmentation protect?
Hurwicz, L. (1973) 'The Design of Mechanisms for Resource Allocation', The American Economic Review, 63(2), pp. 1–30.
1 occurrence detected · 1973 · view in the diagram
Cited by: 4.6 The governance choice criterion: transaction costs, human costs and the counterfactual
ISO/IEC (2023) ISO/IEC 42001:2023 — Information technology — Artificial intelligence — Management system.
1 occurrence detected · 2023 · view in the diagram
Cited by: 7.3 Authority matrix: beyond the “human in the loop”
Ikenberry, G.J. (2001) After Victory: Institutions, Strategic Restraint, and the Rebuilding of Order after Major Wars. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
1 occurrence detected · 2001 · view in the diagram
Cited by: 2.7 The power objection tested against the century
Inter-Parliamentary Union (2024) ‘The impact of artificial intelligence on democracy, human rights and the rule of law’, resolution adopted at the 149th IPU Assembly, October 2024.
1 occurrence detected · 2024 · view in the diagram
Cited by: 5.7 Democratic certification of digital systems — IPDA as candidate host
International Telecommunication Union (2020) Recommendation ITU-T L.1470: Greenhouse gas emission trajectories for the information and communication technology sector. Geneva: ITU.
1 occurrence detected · 2020 · view in the diagram
Kalemli-Özcan, Ş. (2019) 'U.S. Monetary Policy and International Risk Spillovers', NBER Working Paper 26297. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research.
1 occurrence detected · 2019 · view in the diagram
Cited by: 9.1 Four families, fifteen mechanisms
Kaul, I., Grunberg, I. and Stern, M.A. (eds) (1999) Global Public Goods: International Cooperation in the 21st Century. New York: Oxford University Press.
1 occurrence detected · 1999 · view in the diagram
Cited by: 2.5 The deficit, stated
Klein, M.W. and Shambaugh, J.C. (2015) 'Rounding the corners of the policy trilemma: sources of monetary policy autonomy', American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics, 7(4), pp. 33-66.
1 occurrence detected · 2015 · view in the diagram
Cited by: 9.7 From spillover to consequence: what must be established before pricing
Korinek, A. (2016) 'Currency Wars or Efficient Spillovers? A General Theory of International Policy Cooperation', NBER Working Paper 23004. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research.
1 occurrence detected · 2016 · view in the diagram
Cited by: 9.7 From spillover to consequence: what must be established before pricing
Korkali, M., Veneman, J.G., Tivnan, B.F., Bagrow, J.P. and Hines, P.D.H. (2017) 'Reducing cascading failure risk by increasing infrastructure network interdependence', Scientific Reports, 7, 44499.
1 occurrence detected · 2017 · view in the diagram
Cited by: 9.8 The stacking of tightenings and the exhaustion of fiscal buffers
London, M. and Silvestrini, M. (2025) 'US monetary policy spillovers to emerging markets: the role of trade credit', Journal of International Economics, 155.
1 occurrence detected · 2025 · view in the diagram
Cited by: 9.1 Four families, fifteen mechanisms
Maskin, E. (1999) 'Nash Equilibrium and Welfare Optimality', The Review of Economic Studies, 66(1), pp. 23–38. doi:10.1111/1467-937X.00076.
1 occurrence detected · 1999 · view in the diagram
Cited by: 4.6 The governance choice criterion: transaction costs, human costs and the counterfactual
Mazzucato, M. (2018) The Value of Everything: Making and Taking in the Global Economy. London: Allen Lane.
1 occurrence detected · 2018 · view in the diagram
Cited by: 13.3 The cost of inaction
Mearsheimer, J.J. (1994) ‘The False Promise of International Institutions’, International Security, 19(3), pp. 5–49. doi:10.2307/2539078.
1 occurrence detected · 1994 · view in the diagram
Cited by: 2.6 Two rival explanations of the deficit — and how to decide between them
Mitrany, D. (1943) A Working Peace System. London: Royal Institute of International Affairs.
1 occurrence detected · 1943 · view in the diagram
Cited by: 4.1.2 Positioning within the neighbouring literatures and the contribution proper
Myerson, R.B. (1979) 'Incentive Compatibility and the Bargaining Problem', Econometrica, 47(1), pp. 61–73.
1 occurrence detected · 1979 · view in the diagram
Cited by: 4.6 The governance choice criterion: transaction costs, human costs and the counterfactual
Nordhaus, W.D. and Tobin, J. (1972) 'Is growth obsolete?', in Economic Growth. New York: NBER, pp. 1–80.
1 occurrence detected · 1972 · view in the diagram
Cited by: 5.2 Human Impacts Board (HuIB) — the measurement layer
Nordhaus, W.D. (1991) 'To Slow or Not to Slow: The Economics of the Greenhouse Effect', The Economic Journal, 101(407), pp. 920–937. doi:10.2307/2233864.
1 occurrence detected · 1991 · view in the diagram
Cited by: 5.4 Global Financial Equity Authority (GFEA) — the pricing layer
Nordhaus, W.D. (2015) 'Climate clubs: overcoming free-riding in international climate policy', American Economic Review, 105(4), pp. 1339–1370.
1 occurrence detected · 2015 · view in the diagram
Cited by: 12.2 Political economy of adoption
North, D.C. (1990) Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1 occurrence detected · 1990 · view in the diagram
Cited by: 4.1.1 From convictions to principles.
Obstfeld, M. and Rogoff, K. (2002) 'Global Implications of Self-Oriented National Monetary Rules', The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 117(2), pp. 503–535. doi:10.1162/003355302753650319.
1 occurrence detected · 2002 · view in the diagram
Cited by: 9.7 From spillover to consequence: what must be established before pricing
Obstfeld, M., Ostry, J.D. and Qureshi, M.S. (2019) 'A tie that binds: revisiting the trilemma in emerging market economies', The Review of Economics and Statistics, 101(2), pp. 279-293.
1 occurrence detected · 2019 · view in the diagram
Cited by: 9.7 From spillover to consequence: what must be established before pricing
Obstfeld, M. and Zhou, H. (2023) 'The Global Dollar Cycle', Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, Fall 2022, pp. 361–447.
1 occurrence detected · 2023 · view in the diagram
Cited by: 9.6 From accounting incidence to attribution in terms of welfare and of law
Ocampo, J.A. (2001) International Asymmetries and the Design of the International Financial System. Serie Temas de Coyuntura n° 15. Santiago: CEPAL/ECLAC.
1 occurrence detected · 2001 · view in the diagram
Cited by: 9.7 From spillover to consequence: what must be established before pricing
Ocampo, J.A. (2011) Reforming the International Monetary System. WIDER Annual Lecture 14. Helsinki: UNU-WIDER.
1 occurrence detected · 2011 · view in the diagram
Cited by: 9.2 The discipline of attribution
Oxfam (2023) Survival of the Richest. Oxford: Oxfam International.
1 occurrence detected · 2023 · view in the diagram
Cited by: 2 The accountability deficit
Palais Royal Initiative (2011) Reform of the International Monetary System: A Cooperative Approach for the 21st Century. 8 February 2011.
1 occurrence detected · 2011 · view in the diagram
Cited by: 2.7 The power objection tested against the century
Rochet, J.-C. and Tirole, J. (2003) 'Platform Competition in Two-Sided Markets', Journal of the European Economic Association, 1(4), pp. 990–1029.
1 occurrence detected · 2003 · view in the diagram
Cited by: 5.7.1 Algorithmic assurance beyond human sign-off.
Rodrik, D. (2006) 'The Social Cost of Foreign Exchange Reserves', International Economic Journal, 20(3), pp. 253–266. doi:10.1080/10168730600879331.
1 occurrence detected · 2006 · view in the diagram
Cited by: 13.2 Objections and responses
Rodrik, D. (2011) The Globalization Paradox. New York: W.W. Norton.
1 occurrence detected · 2011 · view in the diagram
Cited by: 13.2 Objections and responses
Romer, P.M. (1990) 'Endogenous Technological Change', Journal of Political Economy, 98(5, Part 2), pp. S71–S102. doi:10.1086/261725.
1 occurrence detected · 1990 · view in the diagram
Cited by: 5.4 Global Financial Equity Authority (GFEA) — the pricing layer
Schmidt, V.A. (2013) ‘Democracy and legitimacy in the European Union revisited: input, output and throughput’, Political Studies, 61(1), pp. 2–22. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9248.2012.00962.x.
1 occurrence detected · 2013 · view in the diagram
Schäfer, B., Witthaut, D., Timme, M. and Latora, V. (2018) 'Dynamically induced cascading failures in power grids', Nature Communications, 9, 1975.
1 occurrence detected · 2018 · view in the diagram
Cited by: 9.8 The stacking of tightenings and the exhaustion of fiscal buffers
Scitovsky, T. (1941) ‘A Note on Welfare Propositions in Economics’, The Review of Economic Studies, 9(1), pp. 77–88.
1 occurrence detected · 1941 · view in the diagram
Cited by: 9.2 The discipline of attribution
Selten, R. (1975) 'Reexamination of the Perfectness Concept for Equilibrium Points in Extensive Games', International Journal of Game Theory, 4(1), pp. 25–55. doi:10.1007/BF01766400.
1 occurrence detected · 1975 · view in the diagram
Cited by: 12.2 Political economy of adoption
Slaughter, A.-M. (2004) A New World Order. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
1 occurrence detected · 2004 · view in the diagram
Cited by: 13.2 Objections and responses
Spence, M. (1973) 'Job Market Signaling', The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 87(3), pp. 355–374. doi:10.2307/1882010.
1 occurrence detected · 1973 · view in the diagram
Cited by: 5.3 Global Impact Rating Authority (GIRA) — the translation layer
Spillover effects, revisited. Two 2025 studies refine the monetary spillover mechanism at the heart of Section 9: demand for safe assets and the global dollar cycle transmit United States conditions asymmetrically to emerging economies (Allen et al., 2025), and the intensity of that transmission runs through the role of the dollar (Acharya et al., 2025). These two works frame — without demonstrating it — the attribution discipline of the present work.
1 occurrence detected · 2025 · view in the diagram
Cited by: 9.7 From spillover to consequence: what must be established before pricing
Stern, N. (2007) The Economics of Climate Change: The Stern Review. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1 occurrence detected · 2007 · view in the diagram
Cited by: 13.3 The cost of inaction
Stiglitz, J.E. and Weiss, A. (1981) 'Credit Rationing in Markets with Imperfect Information', The American Economic Review, 71(3), pp. 393–410.
1 occurrence detected · 1981 · view in the diagram
Cited by: 9.1 Four families, fifteen mechanisms
Stiglitz, J.E. (2002) Globalization and Its Discontents. New York: W.W. Norton.
1 occurrence detected · 2002 · view in the diagram
Cited by: 3.1 The United Nations level: a diagnosis without means of constraint
Stiglitz, J.E., Sen, A. and Fitoussi, J.-P. (2009) Report by the Commission on the Measurement of Economic Performance and Social Progress. Paris.
1 occurrence detected · 2009 · view in the diagram
Cited by: 5.2 Human Impacts Board (HuIB) — the measurement layer
Stone, R.W. (2011) Controlling Institutions: International Organizations and the Global Economy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1 occurrence detected · 2011 · view in the diagram
Cited by: 2.6 Two rival explanations of the deficit — and how to decide between them
Swiss Re Institute (2025) sigma 1/2025: Natural catastrophes: insured losses on trend to USD 145 billion in 2025. Zurich: Swiss Re Institute.
1 occurrence detected · 2025 · view in the diagram
Cited by: 11.16 The cost of the crisis to come
UNFCCC (2022) 'Funding arrangements for responding to loss and damage', Decision, COP27, Sharm el-Sheikh.
1 occurrence detected · 2022 · view in the diagram
United Kingdom (1978) State Immunity Act 1978, c. 33, s. 14(4).
1 occurrence detected · 1978 · view in the diagram
Cited by: 5.4.1 Debtor, enforcement and immunity
Weitzman, M.L. (2009) 'On Modeling and Interpreting the Economics of Catastrophic Climate Change', The Review of Economics and Statistics, 91(1), pp. 1–19. doi:10.1162/rest.91.1.1.
1 occurrence detected · 2009 · view in the diagram
Cited by: 11.16 The cost of the crisis to come
Yaiche, N. (2026) ‘L’IA au-delà du mythe’ [AI beyond the myth], address to the national congress of the Centre des Jeunes Dirigeants d’entreprise (CJD), Tunis, 19 June 2026 (recording: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ayIB784CQbU; transcript in the supporting evidence pack).
1 occurrence detected · 2026 · view in the diagram
Cited by: 2.4 Orders of magnitude
Zuboff, S. (2019) The Age of Surveillance Capitalism. New York: PublicAffairs.
1 occurrence detected · 2019 · view in the diagram
18 LDCs appear in the QEDS-GDDS availability file updated on 30 April 2026; 13 of them have reported data at least up to the second quarter of 2024.[4]
0 occurrence detected · 2026 · view in the diagram
2019–2021 to measure prior exposures and trends;
0 occurrence detected · 2019 · view in the diagram
2022–2024 for the core of the tightening cycle;
0 occurrence detected · 2022 · view in the diagram
8. Requests the Secretary-General to ensure that the assessment includes, before any new proposal, a public tracking matrix of relevant previous recommendations, in particular those of the Stiglitz Commission, the FACTI Panel, the 2025 Ocampo Commission, the Addis Ababa Action Agenda and the Sevilla Commitment, indicating for each recommendation:
0 occurrence detected · 2025 · view in the diagram
Acharya, S., Akinci, O., Miranda-Agrippino, S. and Pesenti, P.A. (2025) 'Monetary policy spillovers and the role of the dollar', Liberty Street Economics, Federal Reserve Bank of New York, 7 April.
0 occurrence detected · 2025 · view in the diagram
Adjudication (Court). The 2025 ICJ advisory opinion confirmed the existence in international law of binding reparation obligations (International Court of Justice, 2025), a reading confirmed by subsequent legal analysis (Foster, 2025); and the 2026 review of climate litigation shows sharply rising litigation demand (Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment, 2026) — to be read as evidence of a demand for adjudication, not as a mechanical demonstration that a new court is necessary.
0 occurrence detected · 2025 · view in the diagram
Altavilla, C., Brugnolini, L., Gürkaynak, R.S., Motto, R. and Ragusa, G. (2019) 'Measuring euro area monetary policy', Journal of Monetary Economics, 108, pp. 162-179.
0 occurrence detected · 2019 · view in the diagram
Arrow, K.J. (1951a) 'An Extension of the Basic Theorems of Classical Welfare Economics', in Proceedings of the Second Berkeley Symposium on Mathematical Statistics and Probability. Berkeley: University of California Press, pp. 507–532.
0 occurrence detected · view in the diagram
Arrow, K.J. (1951b) Social Choice and Individual Values. New York: John Wiley & Sons (Cowles Commission Monograph 12).
0 occurrence detected · view in the diagram
Auclert, A. (2019) ‘Monetary Policy and the Redistribution Channel’, American Economic Review, 109(6), pp. 2333–2367. doi:10.1257/aer.20160137.
0 occurrence detected · 2019 · view in the diagram
Bangladesh, the Lao People’s Democratic Republic and Nepal remain included in the reference panel, even though their graduation from the category is scheduled for 24 November 2026. The panel must be frozen according to status at the start of the study period in order to avoid a break in comparability.[2]
0 occurrence detected · 2026 · view in the diagram
Benjamini, Y. and Hochberg, Y. (1995) 'Controlling the false discovery rate: a practical and powerful approach to multiple testing', Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series B (Methodological), 57(1), pp. 289-300.
0 occurrence detected · 1995 · view in the diagram
Bruno, V. and Shin, H.S. (2015a) 'Cross-border banking and global liquidity', Review of Economic Studies, 82(2), pp. 535–564.
0 occurrence detected · view in the diagram
Clausing, K.A., Colmer, J.M., Hsiao, A. and Wolfram, C. (2025) The Global Effects of Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanisms. NBER Working Paper No. 33723. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research.
0 occurrence detected · 2025 · view in the diagram
Cormier, B., Heinzel, M. and Reinsberg, B. (2024) 'Informally governing international development: G7 coordination and orchestration in aid', International Studies Quarterly, 68(2), sqae019.
0 occurrence detected · 2024 · view in the diagram
De Loecker, J., Eeckhout, J. and Unger, G. (2020) 'The rise of market power and the macroeconomic implications', Quarterly Journal of Economics, 135(2), pp. 561–644.
0 occurrence detected · 2020 · view in the diagram
Difference from the 2025 Ocampo Commission
0 occurrence detected · 2025 · view in the diagram
Food and Agriculture Organization (2024) The State of Food and Agriculture 2024: Value-Driven Transformation of Agrifood Systems. Rome: FAO.
0 occurrence detected · 2024 · view in the diagram
Foster, C.E. (2025) 'The 2025 International Court of Justice Advisory Opinion on Obligations of States in respect of Climate Change', International & Comparative Law Quarterly, 74(4), pp. 775–809.
0 occurrence detected · 2025 · view in the diagram
Fuller, R. et al. (2022) 'Pollution and health: a progress update', The Lancet Planetary Health, 6(6), pp. e535–e547.
0 occurrence detected · 2022 · view in the diagram
G.1 Purpose and linkage. The body of the report (§9.5, §9.6, §9.7) explicitly defers the empirical demonstration: monetary policy spillover is established there as the least priced link of the accountability chain, and its eventual correction can be grounded only after attributing the incidence to an identified shock, separating the transfer from the welfare loss, and neutralising the offsets. The present annex is that vehicle. Its contribution is not a global figure — which the report explicitly withdraws — but a
0 occurrence detected · 2024 · view in the diagram
Galtung, J. (1969) ‘Violence, Peace, and Peace Research’, Journal of Peace Research, 6(3), pp. 167–191.
0 occurrence detected · 1969 · view in the diagram
Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment (2026) Global trends in climate change litigation: 2026 snapshot. Lead authors: J. Setzer and C. Higham. London: London School of Economics and Political Science, 25 June 2026. Available at: lse.ac.uk/granthaminstitute.
0 occurrence detected · 2026 · view in the diagram
Gürkaynak, R.S., Sack, B. and Swanson, E.T. (2005) ‘Do Actions Speak Louder Than Words? The Response of Asset Prices to Monetary Policy Actions and Statements’, International Journal of Central Banking, 1(1), pp. 55–93.
0 occurrence detected · 2005 · view in the diagram
Ibn Khaldūn (1377) The Muqaddimah: An Introduction to History. Translated by F. Rosenthal (1958). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press (Bollingen Series).
0 occurrence detected · 1958 · view in the diagram
Incorporating a review of the international literature · state of sources: July 2026.
0 occurrence detected · 2026 · view in the diagram
Inegalitarian position. Other work concludes the opposite. On matched Danish administrative data, the asset valuation gains induced by easing accrue far more to households endowed with wealth and greatly exceed the wage gains of households of modest means. A panel study of forty-nine countries between 1999 and 2019, mobilising local projections and augmented inverse probability weighting to treat endogeneity, concludes that there is a net relationship between asset purchase programmes and a rise in inequality.
0 occurrence detected · 1999 · view in the diagram
International Auditing and Assurance Standards Board (2025) International Standard on Sustainability Assurance 5000 (ISSA 5000): General Requirements for Sustainability Assurance Engagements. New York: IFAC.
0 occurrence detected · 2025 · view in the diagram
International Law Commission (2001) Draft Articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts. Yearbook of the International Law Commission, vol. II(2), in particular arts 2, 28–39 and 42–48.
0 occurrence detected · 2001 · view in the diagram
International Law Commission (2011) Draft Articles on the Responsibility of International Organizations.
0 occurrence detected · 2011 · view in the diagram
International Monetary Fund (2011–2015) Spillover Reports. Washington, DC: International Monetary Fund.
0 occurrence detected · 2011 · view in the diagram
International Monetary Fund (2023) External Sector Report 2023: External Rebalancing in Turbulent Times. Washington, DC: International Monetary Fund.
0 occurrence detected · 2023 · view in the diagram
International Telecommunication Union (2025) Recommendation ITU-T L.1450 : Methodology for the assessment of the environmental impact of the information and communication technology sector. Geneva : ITU.
0 occurrence detected · 2025 · view in the diagram
It changes nothing in what follows. The taxonomy of transmission mechanisms remains unchanged. The attainable level of evidence remains that of accounting incidence and bounded partial attribution: a better-specified vector does not cross the bridge to welfare. And the most likely conclusion for the 2022–2025 episode remains that some of the components will not be separately identifiable — which is precisely what the fallback scale is designed to make publishable rather than concealable.
0 occurrence detected · 2022 · view in the diagram
Jarociński, M. and Karadi, P. (2020) 'Deconstructing monetary policy surprises: the role of information shocks', American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics, 12(2), pp. 1-43.
0 occurrence detected · 2020 · view in the diagram
Jordà, Ò. (2005) 'Estimation and inference of impulse responses by local projections', American Economic Review, 95(1), pp. 161-182.
0 occurrence detected · 2005 · view in the diagram
Kreuder-Sonnen, C., Schmotz, A. and Zürn, M. (2025) 'The complex effects of regime complexity: a conflict model', European Journal of International Relations (advance online publication).
0 occurrence detected · 2025 · view in the diagram
Lall, R. (2025) 'Making global governance accountable: civil society, states, and the politics of reform', American Journal of Political Science, 69(1), pp. 96–117.
0 occurrence detected · 2025 · view in the diagram
Larsen, B. and Sánchez-Triana, E. (2023) 'Global health burden and cost of lead exposure', The Lancet Planetary Health, 7(10), pp. e831–e840.
0 occurrence detected · 2023 · view in the diagram
Lederach, J.P. (1997) Building Peace: Sustainable Reconciliation in Divided Societies. Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press.
0 occurrence detected · 1997 · view in the diagram
Madan Keller, J., Landers, C., Martínez, N. and Eldridge, R. (2024) The 2024–2025 Replenishment Traffic Jam. Washington, DC: Center for Global Development.
0 occurrence detected · 2024 · view in the diagram
Manski, C.F. (1990) ‘Nonparametric Bounds on Treatment Effects’, American Economic Review, 80(2), pp. 319–323.
0 occurrence detected · 1990 · view in the diagram
Montiel Olea, J.L. and Plagborg-Møller, M. (2021) 'Local projection inference is simpler and more robust than you think', Econometrica, 89(4), pp. 1789-1823.
0 occurrence detected · 2021 · view in the diagram
Moving from one impulse to seven over a single episode multiplies sevenfold the problem that the 2022–2025 window already poses. The protocol must therefore state, before estimation, under what conditions the decomposition is identifiable and what it does when it is not.
0 occurrence detected · 2022 · view in the diagram
NML Capital, Ltd. v. Banco Central de la República Argentina, 652 F.3d 172 (2d Cir. 2011).
0 occurrence detected · 2011 · view in the diagram
National Institute of Standards and Technology (2023) Artificial Intelligence Risk Management Framework (AI RMF 1.0). Gaithersburg, MD: NIST.
0 occurrence detected · 2023 · view in the diagram
Permanent Court of International Justice (1923) The S.S. ‘Wimbledon’, Judgment of 17 August 1923, PCIJ Series A, No. 1.
0 occurrence detected · 1923 · view in the diagram
Permanent Court of International Justice (1928) Factory at Chorzów (Germany v. Poland), Merits, Judgment No. 13, 13 September 1928, PCIJ Series A No. 17.
0 occurrence detected · 1928 · view in the diagram
Recalling also its resolution 69/313 of 27 July 2015, by which it endorsed the Addis Ababa Action Agenda of the Third International Conference on Financing for Development,
0 occurrence detected · 2015 · view in the diagram
Recalling its resolution 70/1 of 25 September 2015, entitled “Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development”,
0 occurrence detected · 2015 · view in the diagram
Recalling its resolution 79/323 of 25 August 2025, by which it adopted the Sevilla Commitment, and the renewed mandate of the Inter-agency Task Force on Financing for Development to monitor commitments, analyse gaps and advise the intergovernmental process,
0 occurrence detected · 2025 · view in the diagram
Rey, H. (2015) 'Dilemma not Trilemma: The Global Financial Cycle and Monetary Policy Independence', NBER Working Paper 21162. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research.
0 occurrence detected · 2015 · view in the diagram
SIPRI (2024) Trends in World Military Expenditure, 2023. Stockholm: SIPRI.
0 occurrence detected · 2024 · view in the diagram
Sen, A. (1970) Collective Choice and Social Welfare. San Francisco: Holden-Day.
0 occurrence detected · 1970 · view in the diagram
Sen, A. (1999) Development as Freedom. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
0 occurrence detected · 1999 · view in the diagram
Sen, A. (2009) The Idea of Justice. Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
0 occurrence detected · 2009 · view in the diagram
Swanson, E.T. (2021) ‘Measuring the Effects of Federal Reserve Forward Guidance and Asset Purchases on Financial Markets’, Journal of Monetary Economics, 118, pp. 32–53. doi:10.1016/j.jmoneco.2020.09.003.
0 occurrence detected · 2021 · view in the diagram
Table I1 — The Tunisian figures by set and by status (millions of TND, cumulative 2022–2025, counterfactual c_V5; EUR at the indicative working rate of 3.35)
0 occurrence detected · 2022 · view in the diagram
Taking note also of the report of the High-Level Panel on International Financial Accountability, Transparency and Integrity for Achieving the 2030 Agenda, transmitted in document A/75/810/Rev.1,
0 occurrence detected · 2030 · view in the diagram
Taking note further of the 2025 report of the International Expert Commission on Financing for Development, entitled “Financing a Sustainable Future: Proposals for a Renewed Global Development Finance Agenda”,
0 occurrence detected · 2025 · view in the diagram
Taking note of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and of the 2025 Compromiso de Sevilla, and placing themselves in the lineage of the Monterrey, Doha, Addis Ababa and Sevilla conferences on financing for development;
0 occurrence detected · 2030 · view in the diagram
Tax Justice Network (2023) State of Tax Justice 2023.
0 occurrence detected · 2023 · view in the diagram
The first risk of a referral is not rejection: it is duplication. The system has already produced the 2009 Commission of Experts, the High-Level Panel on International Financial Accountability, Transparency and Integrity, the 2025 International Expert Commission, and the outcomes of Monterrey, Doha, Addis Ababa and Sevilla. A referral that added one more general commission would reproduce the deficit it purports to correct (Box 9). The mandate must therefore be entrusted to an existing mechanism — the Inter-agency
0 occurrence detected · 2009 · view in the diagram
The main benefit of the enrichment is not to measure more things. It is that each component possesses a predictable signature across the transmission mechanisms already defined, so that the whole forms an overdetermined system of restrictions. A seven-component vector applied to some fifteen mechanisms produces far more signed predictions than free parameters — which makes the construction refutable rather than merely richer. This multidimensional identification strategy extends the decomposition of monetary policy
0 occurrence detected · 2005 · view in the diagram
The most pertinent question for the present work is not the effect of easing taken in isolation, but the symmetry of the cycle: are the agents who benefit from the expansion those who bear the tightening? The literature on the unwinding of asset purchases indicates a state dependence and a heterogeneity between households which forbid presuming symmetry. This attention to the distribution between agents extends the analysis of the redistribution channel of monetary policy (Auclert, 2019).
0 occurrence detected · 2019 · view in the diagram
The programme workbook (V5). The programme’s internal workbook decomposes the 2022–2025 tightening cycle into channels, applies national-level offsets and a global overlap discount, and arrives at an all-causes gross figure of about 15 billion TND (≈ 4.5 billion euros) and a consolidated national net of 2.98–11.73 billion TND (central value 6.45). This consolidation offsets gains and losses across agents, which the Annex F framework does not permit; the workbook therefore serves as source material for the case, not
0 occurrence detected · 2022 · view in the diagram
The recommended main window is 2019–2025:
0 occurrence detected · 2019 · view in the diagram
The vector may include the source policy rate, the risk-free yield curve, the exchange rate of the recipient country, global risk appetite, the output of the source jurisdiction, commodity prices and other variables specific to each mechanism. The paths must be generated by an explicit model, a reaction function, a market expectations path, a narrative scenario or an identified empirical design; a counterfactual price is a model output, never an observation. Membership of Γ is itself constrained: an admissible coun
0 occurrence detected · 2021 · view in the diagram
Tobin, J. (1978) 'A proposal for international monetary reform', Eastern Economic Journal, 4(3–4), pp. 153–159.
0 occurrence detected · 1978 · view in the diagram
United States (1976) Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act, 28 U.S.C. §§ 1602–1611, spec. § 1611(b)(1).
0 occurrence detected · 1976 · view in the diagram
World Health Organization (1946) Constitution of the World Health Organization. New York, 22 July 1946, in particular arts 21 and 22.
0 occurrence detected · 1946 · view in the diagram
[7] Yaiche, N. (2026), The Humanity Compact, Annex F — Formal accounting decomposition and bounded partial attribution framework, enhanced version.
0 occurrence detected · 2026 · view in the diagram
[8] Yaiche, N. (2026), The Humanity Compact — The Global Accountability Chain, the present volume, version 2.2.
0 occurrence detected · 2026 · view in the diagram
c0 — rates held at their end-2021 level: a demanding scenario, but not an upper bound by definition;
0 occurrence detected · 2021 · view in the diagram
de Búrca, G., Keohane, R.O. and Sabel, C.F. (2014) ‘Global Experimentalist Governance’, British Journal of Political Science, 44(3), pp. 477–486. doi:10.1017/S0007123414000076.
0 occurrence detected · 2014 · view in the diagram
di Giovanni, J., Kalemli-Özcan, Ş., Ulu, M.F. and Baskaya, Y.S. (2022) 'International spillovers and local credit cycles', Review of Economic Studies, 89(2), pp. 733–773.
0 occurrence detected · 2022 · view in the diagram
Φᵢⱼ(c) is the set of jointly feasible attribution vectors. It contains the mechanism-specific bounds, the cross-mechanism restrictions, common-shock coherence, the sign restrictions and any constraint induced by the empirical design. The bounds are bounds of documented judgement or of partial identification (Manski, 1990) so long as they are not estimated; they are not confidence intervals.
0 occurrence detected · 1990 · view in the diagram
• A/75/810/Rev.1, FACTI Panel — Report of the High-Level Panel on International Financial Accountability, Transparency and Integrity for Achieving the 2030 Agenda.
0 occurrence detected · 2030 · view in the diagram
• Financing for Sustainable Development Report 2026 — First report of the Task Force since FFD4, centred on the implementation of the Sevilla Commitment and including a mapping of commitments and initiatives.
0 occurrence detected · 2026 · view in the diagram
• International Expert Commission on Financing for Development, 2025 — Report Financing a Sustainable Future, led by José Antonio Ocampo.
0 occurrence detected · 2025 · view in the diagram
Institutional sources (77)
Measurement (HuIB). Two developments confirm a convergence on the need for a permanent measurement institution that has yet to be created. The Secretary-General’s Independent High-Level Expert Group on Beyond GDP has proposed a compass of complementary indicators (United Nations, 2026), an acknowledgement at the highest level that no permanent scientific body discharges this function; and the FAO’s true cost accounting has put the hidden costs of agrifood systems at some twelve trillion dollars a year, of which som
6 occurrences detected · 2026 · view in the diagram
Cited by: 12.7 From the work to institutional approval: the United Nations sequence · 13.2 Objections and responses · 2.2 Invisible externalities, a definition · 5.5 Border Fairness Mechanism — the adjustment layer · 9.4 What the architecture would do in the face of a spillover effect
Independent International Scientific Panel on Artificial Intelligence (2026) Preliminary Report. New York: United Nations, launched 1 July 2026. Available at: un.org/independent-international-scientific-panel-ai.
4 occurrences detected · 2026 · view in the diagram
Cited by: 10.19 Proposed road map · 11.12 Proposed pilot: Peace Accountability Track · 3.1 The United Nations level: a diagnosis without means of constraint · 3.6 Robustness of the diagnosis to the coding grid
International Labour Organization (2023) World Employment and Social Outlook 2023. Geneva: ILO.
4 occurrences detected · 2023 · view in the diagram
Cited by: 3.1 The United Nations level: a diagnosis without means of constraint · 9.2 The discipline of attribution · 9.3 Orders of magnitude, at three scales · 9.6 From accounting incidence to attribution in terms of welfare and of law
OECD (2021) Tax Challenges Arising from the Digitalisation of the Economy — Global Anti-Base Erosion Model Rules (Pillar Two). Paris: OECD Publishing.
3 occurrences detected · 2021 · view in the diagram
Cited by: 12.2 Political economy of adoption · 13.2 Objections and responses · 5.4 Global Financial Equity Authority (GFEA) — the pricing layer
United Nations Financing for Sustainable Development Office (2026) Sevilla Platform for Action, live registry, as of 25 July 2026.
3 occurrences detected · 2026 · view in the diagram
Cited by: 10.1 Executive summary · 10.4 What Sevilla made possible — and what remains to be linked
United Nations Financing for Sustainable Development Office (2026a) Financing for Sustainable Development Report 2026. New York: United Nations.
3 occurrences detected · 2026 · view in the diagram
Cited by: 10.1 Executive summary · 10.4 What Sevilla made possible — and what remains to be linked
United Nations Financing for Sustainable Development Office (2026b) Sevilla Platform for Action — Delivering Early Results, 2026 ECOSOC Financing for Development Forum. New York: United Nations.
3 occurrences detected · 2026 · view in the diagram
Cited by: 10.1 Executive summary · 10.4 What Sevilla made possible — and what remains to be linked
United Nations Financing for Sustainable Development Office (2026c) Sevilla Platform for Action, live registry. Consultation and all counts as of 25 July 2026.
3 occurrences detected · 2026 · view in the diagram
Cited by: 10.1 Executive summary · 10.4 What Sevilla made possible — and what remains to be linked
FACTI Panel (2021) Financial Integrity for Sustainable Development: Report of the High-Level Panel on International Financial Accountability, Transparency and Integrity for Achieving the 2030 Agenda. New York: United Nations.
2 occurrences detected · 2021 · view in the diagram
Cited by: 2.4 Orders of magnitude · 3.1 The United Nations level: a diagnosis without means of constraint
IPCC (2023) Climate Change 2023: Synthesis Report. Geneva: IPCC.
2 occurrences detected · 2023 · view in the diagram
Cited by: 13.2 Objections and responses · 5.2 Human Impacts Board (HuIB) — the measurement layer
OECD (2023) OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises on Responsible Business Conduct. Paris: OECD Publishing. doi:10.1787/81f92357-en. (June 2023 update, in force on 8 June 2023; it supersedes the 2011 edition. There is no 2021 edition.)
2 occurrences detected · 2023 · view in the diagram
Cited by: 12.3 Producing and disciplining political will · 2.4 Orders of magnitude
OECD (2025) 'Country-by-Country Reporting - Compilation of 2025 Peer Review Reports'. Paris: OECD Publishing.
2 occurrences detected · 2025 · view in the diagram
Cited by: 12.3 Producing and disciplining political will · 3.3 The financing level: Sevilla, mapped
Pauwelyn, J. (2013) 'Carbon Leakage Measures and Border Tax Adjustments under WTO Law', in Van Calster, G. and Prévost, D. (eds) Research Handbook on Environment, Health and the WTO. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, pp. 448–506.
2 occurrences detected · 2013 · view in the diagram
Cited by: 5.5 Border Fairness Mechanism — the adjustment layer
UNCTAD (2024) Credit Rating Agencies, Developing Countries and Bias. Geneva: UNCTAD.
2 occurrences detected · 2024 · view in the diagram
Cited by: 2.4 Orders of magnitude · 5.3 Global Impact Rating Authority (GIRA) — the translation layer
United Nations (2009) Report of the Commission of Experts of the President of the United Nations General Assembly on Reforms of the International Monetary and Financial System. New York: United Nations, 21 September 2009.
2 occurrences detected · 2009 · view in the diagram
Cited by: 12.7.2 Building on the commissions of 2009 and 2025 without redoing them · 3.1 The United Nations level: a diagnosis without means of constraint
United Nations (2025a) Compromiso de Sevilla and Sevilla Platform for Action, Fourth International Conference on Financing for Development, Sevilla, 30 June–3 July 2025.
2 occurrences detected · 2025 · view in the diagram
Cited by: 2.5 The deficit, stated · 3.1 The United Nations level: a diagnosis without means of constraint
United Nations (2026) Counting What Counts: A Compass of Progress for People and Planet. Final report of the Secretary-General’s High-Level Independent Expert Group on Measures Beyond GDP, launched in May 2026. New York: United Nations. Available at: un.org/en/beyondGDP/documents.
2 occurrences detected · 2026 · view in the diagram
Cited by: 2.5 The deficit, stated · 3.1 The United Nations level: a diagnosis without means of constraint
United Nations Development Programme (2023) Lowering the Cost of Borrowing in Africa: The Role of Sovereign Credit Ratings. New York: UNDP.
2 occurrences detected · 2023 · view in the diagram
Cited by: 11.1 Executive summary · 3.1 The United Nations level: a diagnosis without means of constraint
United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (2024) Handbook on the Use of Risk Knowledge for Multi-Hazard Early Warning Systems. Geneva: UNDRR.
2 occurrences detected · 2024 · view in the diagram
Cited by: 11.1 Executive summary · 3.1 The United Nations level: a diagnosis without means of constraint
World Bank (2024) World Development Indicators: GDP (current US$), Tunisia. Washington, DC: World Bank.
2 occurrences detected · 2024 · view in the diagram
Cited by: 2.4 Orders of magnitude · 9.3 Orders of magnitude, at three scales
World Health Organization (2023) World Health Statistics 2023. Geneva: WHO.
2 occurrences detected · 2023 · view in the diagram
Cited by: 11.1 Executive summary · 2.3 Modes and sectors: a working taxonomy
Yaiche, N. (2022) Intervention, 'Public finances under volatile commodity prices: risks and challenges ahead in MENA', Joint AUC–ERF–IMF Webinar, 7 December 2022.
2 occurrences detected · 2022 · view in the diagram
Cited by: 2.2 Invisible externalities, a definition · 4.1 Origins of the framework
Bank for International Settlements (2023) Annual Economic Report 2023. Basel: BIS.
1 occurrence detected · 2023 · view in the diagram
Cited by: 11.1 Executive summary
Cerutti, E., Claessens, S. and Rose, A.K. (2019) 'How important is the global financial cycle? Evidence from capital flows', IMF Economic Review, 67(1), pp. 24-60.
1 occurrence detected · 2019 · view in the diagram
Cited by: 9.7 From spillover to consequence: what must be established before pricing
Democratic certification (IPDA) and AI. The Independent International Scientific Panel on Artificial Intelligence has moved from “established” status to its first published report (Independent International Scientific Panel on Artificial Intelligence, 2026), and the Secretary-General’s advisory body has recommended distributed and complementary mechanisms rather than a single global regulator (United Nations High-Level Advisory Body on Artificial Intelligence, 2024) — a direct precedent for the single-mandate logic
1 occurrence detected · 2026 · view in the diagram
Cited by: 5.7 Democratic certification of digital systems — IPDA as candidate host
Guterres, A. (2023) Remarks calling for a 'new Bretton Woods moment', United Nations, May 2023.
1 occurrence detected · 2023 · view in the diagram
Cited by: 3.1 The United Nations level: a diagnosis without means of constraint
Guterres, A. (2024) Video message to the first session of the Preparatory Committee of the Fourth International Conference on Financing for Development, Addis Ababa, 22–26 July 2024. New York: United Nations. (The conference ‘presents a unique opportunity to reform an international financial system that is outdated, dysfunctional and unfair’ — a formulation repeated the same year before the General Assembly and at the Munich Security Conference.)
1 occurrence detected · 2024 · view in the diagram
Cited by: 3.1 The United Nations level: a diagnosis without means of constraint
Guterres, A. (2025) Remarks to UNCTAD XVI, Geneva, 22 October 2025.
1 occurrence detected · 2025 · view in the diagram
Cited by: 3.1 The United Nations level: a diagnosis without means of constraint
International Monetary Fund (2022) Proposal to Establish a Resilience and Sustainability Trust. IMF Policy Paper No. 2022/013. Washington, DC: International Monetary Fund.
1 occurrence detected · 2022 · view in the diagram
Cited by: 11.17 Rapid modes within fixed mandates
OECD (2024) Framework for Anticipatory Governance of Emerging Technologies. OECD Science, Technology and Industry Policy Papers. Paris: OECD Publishing.
1 occurrence detected · 2024 · view in the diagram
UNCTAD (2023) Trade and Development Report 2023. Geneva: UNCTAD.
1 occurrence detected · 2023 · view in the diagram
Cited by: 2.4 Orders of magnitude
United Nations (2011) Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights: Implementing the 'Protect, Respect and Remedy' Framework. HR/PUB/11/04. New York and Geneva: Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights.
1 occurrence detected · 2011 · view in the diagram
United Nations Statistical Commission (2025) System of National Accounts 2025. Joint publication of the United Nations, the European Commission, the International Monetary Fund, the OECD and the World Bank, adopted at the 56th session of the Statistical Commission (2025); the international statistical standard in force. New York: United Nations.
1 occurrence detected · 2025 · view in the diagram
Cited by: 2.5 The deficit, stated
United Nations and World Bank (2018) Pathways for Peace: Inclusive Approaches to Preventing Violent Conflict. Washington, DC: World Bank and New York: United Nations.
1 occurrence detected · 2018 · view in the diagram
Cited by: 11.1 Executive summary
World Bank (2020) Global Economic Prospects, June 2020. Washington, DC: World Bank.
1 occurrence detected · 2020 · view in the diagram
Cited by: 13.3 The cost of inaction
World Bank (2022) The Global Health Cost of PM2.5 Air Pollution. Washington, DC: World Bank.
1 occurrence detected · 2022 · view in the diagram
Cited by: 2 The accountability deficit
Zhou, X. (2009) Reform the International Monetary System. Beijing: People’s Bank of China, 23 March (reprinted in BIS Review 41/2009).
1 occurrence detected · 2009 · view in the diagram
Cited by: 9.4 What the architecture would do in the face of a spillover effect
A useful counter-example. Finally, the 2026 decision of the World Bank Group to integrate its independent accountability mechanisms (World Bank Group, 2026) constitutes both a precedent of reform by incorporation and a warning: the present work distinguishes the administrative integration of neighbouring procedures from the concentration of incompatible functions against which its principle of “one institution per function” warns.
0 occurrence detected · 2026 · view in the diagram
Aiyar, S. et al. (2023) Geoeconomic Fragmentation and the Future of Multilateralism. IMF Staff Discussion Note SDN/2023/001. Washington, DC: IMF.
0 occurrence detected · 2023 · view in the diagram
Allen, C., Bems, R., Boer, L. and Moussa, R. (2025) Demand for Safe Assets and Spillovers from the Global Dollar Cycle. IMF Working Paper WP/25/65. Washington, DC: International Monetary Fund.
0 occurrence detected · 2025 · view in the diagram
As at 23 July 2026, the United Nations list comprises 44 LDCs: 32 in Africa, 8 in Asia, 1 in the Caribbean and 3 in the Pacific.[1]
0 occurrence detected · 2026 · view in the diagram
Basu, S.S., Boz, E., Gopinath, G., Roch, F. and Unsal, F.D. (2020) 'A Conceptual Model for the Integrated Policy Framework', IMF Working Paper WP/20/121. Washington, DC: International Monetary Fund.
0 occurrence detected · 2020 · view in the diagram
Black, S., Celniak, W., García Huitrón, A., Parry, I., Schulz Antipa, P. and Vernon-Lin, N. (2025) Underpriced and Overused: Fossil Fuel Subsidies Data — 2025 Update. IMF Working Paper No. WP/25/270. Washington, DC: International Monetary Fund.
0 occurrence detected · 2025 · view in the diagram
Cash, D. and Khan, M. (2024) Rating the Globe: Reforming Credit Rating Agencies for an Equitable Financial Architecture. United Nations University Centre for Policy Research.
0 occurrence detected · 2024 · view in the diagram
Cash, D. (2025) 'How credit rating agencies are reshaping global development finance', OECD Development Matters, 21 November.
0 occurrence detected · 2025 · view in the diagram
Democracy International and Democracy Without Borders (2025) Global citizens' assemblies – Pathways for the UN: Principles, design, and implementation. Policy brief.
0 occurrence detected · 2025 · view in the diagram
FAO, IFAD, UNICEF, WFP and WHO (2023) The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2023. Rome: FAO.
0 occurrence detected · 2023 · view in the diagram
FSB (2017) 'Handbook for FSB Peer Reviews'. Basel: Financial Stability Board.
0 occurrence detected · 2017 · view in the diagram
G.2 Data and feasibility audit. The panel brings together sixteen countries of the Middle East and Central Asia (Ugazio & Xin, 2024, IMF WP 24/14), including Tunisia by name. Public coverage (World Bank interfaces, IDS and WDI) reaches 95 to 100% for Tunisia on structural exposure — debt, debt service, reserves, investment, remittances, exports, direct investment — but at annual frequency. Two structural gaps remain: the foreign-currency share of the debt (the weight of mechanisms A1 and A2) and concessional or mul
0 occurrence detected · 2024 · view in the diagram
G20 High Level Independent Panel (2021) A Global Deal for Our Pandemic Age.
0 occurrence detected · 2021 · view in the diagram
How to read: IDS indicates the existence of a country page in the list displayed by the World Bank; QEDS indicates the last period reported in the availability file as at 30 April 2026; FCV reproduces the FY26 list. The wave is a provisional methodological prioritisation. “Potential L2” does not mean that an estimate is already valid.
0 occurrence detected · 2026 · view in the diagram
Hugger, F., González Cabral, A.C., Bucci, M., Gesualdo, M. and O’Reilly, P. (2024) The Global Minimum Tax and the taxation of MNE profit. OECD Taxation Working Papers No. 68. Paris: OECD Publishing.
0 occurrence detected · 2024 · view in the diagram
International Law Commission (2001) Articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts, with commentaries. Yearbook of the International Law Commission, vol. II, Part Two. New York: United Nations.
0 occurrence detected · 2001 · view in the diagram
International Monetary Fund (2020a) World Economic Outlook: The Great Lockdown. Washington, DC: IMF.
0 occurrence detected · view in the diagram
International Monetary Fund (2020c) Global Financial Stability Report: Markets in the Time of COVID-19. Washington, DC: IMF.
0 occurrence detected · view in the diagram
International Monetary Fund (2020b) ‘IMF Executive Board Approves a US$745 Million Disbursement to Tunisia to Address the COVID-19 Pandemic’, Press Release No. 20/144, 10 April 2020.
0 occurrence detected · 2020 · view in the diagram
Laeven, L. and Valencia, F. (2020) 'Systemic banking crises database II', IMF Economic Review, 68, pp. 307–361.
0 occurrence detected · 2020 · view in the diagram
UNEP (2021) From Pollution to Solution: A Global Assessment of Marine Litter and Plastic Pollution. Nairobi: UNEP.
0 occurrence detected · 2021 · view in the diagram
Ugazio, G. and Xin, W. (2024) 'U.S. monetary policy spillovers to Middle East and Central Asia: shocks, fundamentals and propagations', IMF Working Paper 24/14. Washington, DC: International Monetary Fund.
0 occurrence detected · 2024 · view in the diagram
United Nations (2025b) Financing a Sustainable Future: Proposals for a Renewed Global Development Finance Agenda. Report of the International Commission of Experts on Financing for Development. New York: United Nations, 11 February 2025.
0 occurrence detected · 2025 · view in the diagram
United Nations (2025a) Compromiso de Sevilla and Sevilla Platform for Action, Fourth International Conference on Financing for Development, Sevilla, 30 June–3 July 2025.
0 occurrence detected · 2025 · view in the diagram
United Nations Development Programme (2024) Humanitarian–Development–Peace Nexus Approaches in Conflict and Disaster Settings. New York: UNDP Independent Evaluation Office.
0 occurrence detected · 2024 · view in the diagram
United Nations High-Level Advisory Body on Artificial Intelligence (2024) Governing AI for Humanity: Final Report. New York: United Nations.
0 occurrence detected · 2024 · view in the diagram
United Nations Secretary-General (2023) A New Agenda for Peace. Our Common Agenda Policy Brief 9. New York: United Nations.
0 occurrence detected · 2023 · view in the diagram
United Nations Secretary-General (2024) Peacebuilding and Sustaining Peace. Report A/79/552–S/2024/767. New York: United Nations.
0 occurrence detected · 2024 · view in the diagram
WHO and ILO (2021) WHO/ILO Joint Estimates of the Work-related Burden of Disease and Injury, 2000–2016. Geneva: WHO.
0 occurrence detected · 2021 · view in the diagram
World Bank (2017) World Development Report 2017: Governance and the Law. Washington, DC: World Bank.
0 occurrence detected · 2017 · view in the diagram
World Bank (2021) The Economic Case for Nature. Washington, DC: World Bank.
0 occurrence detected · 2021 · view in the diagram
World Health Organization (2005) International Health Regulations (2005), 3rd edn and amendments of 2022 and 2024. Geneva: WHO (adopted 23 May 2005 under art. 21 of the WHO Constitution; entered into force: 15 June 2007; 196 States parties).
0 occurrence detected · 2005 · view in the diagram
World Health Organization (2024) Ambient (outdoor) air pollution and household air pollution. Fact sheets. Geneva: WHO.
0 occurrence detected · 2024 · view in the diagram
World Meteorological Organization (WMO), United Nations Environment Programme, NOAA, NASA and European Commission (2022) Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 2022. GAW Report No. 278. Geneva: WMO.
0 occurrence detected · 2022 · view in the diagram
World Trade Organization (1998) United States — Import Prohibition of Certain Shrimp and Shrimp Products, Report of the Appellate Body, WT/DS58/AB/R, adopted 6 November 1998. Geneva: WTO.
0 occurrence detected · 1998 · view in the diagram
World Trade Organization (2001) United States — Import Prohibition of Certain Shrimp and Shrimp Products — Recourse to Article 21.5 of the DSU by Malaysia, Report of the Panel, WT/DS58/RW, 15 June 2001. Geneva: WTO.
0 occurrence detected · 2001 · view in the diagram
Zucman, G. (2024) A Blueprint for a Coordinated Minimum Effective Taxation Standard for Ultra-High-Net-Worth Individuals. Report commissioned by the Brazilian G20 Presidency. Paris: EU Tax Observatory.
0 occurrence detected · 2024 · view in the diagram
[1] United Nations — UN-OHRLLS, “List of LDCs”. List of 44 countries consulted in July 2026.
0 occurrence detected · 2026 · view in the diagram
[4] World Bank, Quarterly External Debt Statistics (QEDS), GDDS and SDDS availability files, updated 30 April 2026.
0 occurrence detected · 2026 · view in the diagram
Legal instruments (35)
United Nations General Assembly (2023) Resolution 78/230, 'Promotion of inclusive and effective international tax cooperation at the United Nations', December 2023.
4 occurrences detected · 2023 · view in the diagram
Cited by: 11.1 Executive summary · 3.1 The United Nations level: a diagnosis without means of constraint · 9.4 What the architecture would do in the face of a spillover effect
United Nations General Assembly (2024) Resolution 79/1, 'The Pact for the Future', 22 September 2024.
4 occurrences detected · 2024 · view in the diagram
Cited by: 11.1 Executive summary · 3.1 The United Nations level: a diagnosis without means of constraint · 9.4 What the architecture would do in the face of a spillover effect
United Nations General Assembly (2024) Resolution 79/1, The Pact for the Future, 22 September 2024. New York: United Nations.
4 occurrences detected · 2024 · view in the diagram
Cited by: 11.1 Executive summary · 3.1 The United Nations level: a diagnosis without means of constraint · 9.4 What the architecture would do in the face of a spillover effect
United Nations General Assembly (2025) Resolution A/RES/79/325: Terms of reference and modalities for the Independent International Scientific Panel on Artificial Intelligence and the Global Dialogue on Artificial Intelligence Governance. Adopted 26 August 2025. New York: United Nations.
4 occurrences detected · 2025 · view in the diagram
Cited by: 11.1 Executive summary · 3.1 The United Nations level: a diagnosis without means of constraint · 9.4 What the architecture would do in the face of a spillover effect
European Commission (2024) Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2024/1364 establishing a common Union rating scheme for data centres. Brussels: European Commission.
3 occurrences detected · 2024 · view in the diagram
Cited by: 5.7 Democratic certification of digital systems — IPDA as candidate host · 8.2 Scenario, counterfactual and boundaries · 8 The integrated demonstrator: an AI data centre
Barrett, S. (2003) Environment and Statecraft: The Strategy of Environmental Treaty-Making. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2 occurrences detected · 2003 · view in the diagram
Cited by: 12.2 Political economy of adoption · 13.2 Objections and responses
European Union (2009) Regulation (EC) No 1060/2009 of 16 September 2009 on credit rating agencies. Official Journal of the European Union, L 302.
1 occurrence detected · 2009 · view in the diagram
European Union (2023) 'Regulation (EU) 2023/956 establishing a Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism', Official Journal of the European Union.
1 occurrence detected · 2023 · view in the diagram
Cited by: 6.2.1 The solidarity clause
European Union (2026) Directive (EU) 2026/470 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 February 2026 amending Directives 2006/43/EC, 2013/34/EU, (EU) 2022/2464 and (EU) 2024/1760 (‘Omnibus I’). Official Journal of the European Union, 26 February 2026. ELI: data.europa.eu/eli/dir/2026/470/oj. (The adopted text is Directive 2026/470; ‘Omnibus I’ is only its informal name, and must not be confused with the 2025 proposal.)
1 occurrence detected · 2026 · view in the diagram
Cited by: 13.2 Objections and responses
Laffont, J.-J. and Tirole, J. (1993) A Theory of Incentives in Procurement and Regulation. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
1 occurrence detected · 1993 · view in the diagram
Cited by: 5.7.1 Algorithmic assurance beyond human sign-off.
UNFCCC (2018) 'Decision 18/CMA.1: Modalities, Procedures and Guidelines for the Transparency Framework for Action and Support Referred to in Article 13 of the Paris Agreement'. Katowice: United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.
1 occurrence detected · 2018 · view in the diagram
United Nations (1958) Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards. New York.
1 occurrence detected · 1958 · view in the diagram
United Nations (1966) International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. Treaty Series, vol. 999, p. 171 (Article 4, derogation in states of emergency). New York: United Nations.
1 occurrence detected · 1966 · view in the diagram
Cited by: 11.17 Rapid modes within fixed mandates
United Nations (1987) Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer. Nairobi: United Nations Environment Programme.
1 occurrence detected · 1987 · view in the diagram
Cited by: 12.2 Political economy of adoption
United Nations (2015) Decision 1/CP.21: Adoption of the Paris Agreement, para. 51. FCCC/CP/2015/10/Add.1. Bonn: UNFCCC.
1 occurrence detected · 2015 · view in the diagram
Cited by: 13.2 Objections and responses
Black, J. (2008) ‘Constructing and contesting legitimacy and accountability in polycentric regulatory regimes’, Regulation & Governance, 2(2), pp. 137–164. doi:10.1111/j.1748-5991.2008.00034.x.
0 occurrence detected · 2008 · view in the diagram
European Union (2024) 'Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 laying down harmonised rules on artificial intelligence (AI Act)', Official Journal of the European Union.
0 occurrence detected · 2024 · view in the diagram
Greenhouse Gas Protocol (2015) GHG Protocol Scope 2 Guidance. Washington, DC: World Resources Institute and World Business Council for Sustainable Development.
0 occurrence detected · 2015 · view in the diagram
Guided by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and by the International Covenants of 1966 on Civil and Political Rights and on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights;
0 occurrence detected · 1966 · view in the diagram
International Monetary Fund (1944, as amended) Articles of Agreement, Article VII. Washington, D.C.
0 occurrence detected · 1944 · view in the diagram
Recalling, by way of inspiration and without prejudging the state of positive law, the principle of the prevention of transboundary harm and the obligation of due diligence, as expressed in particular by the 1992 Rio Declaration and by the 2001 work of the International Law Commission;
0 occurrence detected · 1992 · view in the diagram
Recalling further its resolution 79/1 of 22 September 2024, entitled “The Pact for the Future”, including the Global Digital Compact and the Declaration on Future Generations annexed thereto,
0 occurrence detected · 2024 · view in the diagram
United Nations (1945) Charter of the United Nations. San Francisco, 26 June 1945 (entered into force: 24 October 1945), in particular arts 22, 25, 94, 96 and 103.
0 occurrence detected · 1945 · view in the diagram
United Nations (1945) Statute of the International Court of Justice, annexed to the Charter, in particular arts 59 and 65.
0 occurrence detected · 1945 · view in the diagram
United Nations (1969) Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties. Vienna.
0 occurrence detected · 1969 · view in the diagram
United Nations (1982) United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. Montego Bay, 10 December 1982 (entered into force: 16 November 1994), in particular Part XII, Part XV, arts 235, 287 and 298.
0 occurrence detected · 1982 · view in the diagram
United Nations (1987) Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer. Montreal, 16 September 1987 (entered into force: 1 January 1989), in particular arts 2(9), 4, 5, 8 and 10.
0 occurrence detected · 1987 · view in the diagram
United Nations (1989) Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal. Basel, 22 March 1989 (entered into force: 5 May 1992), in particular arts 4(5) and 4A (Ban Amendment, in force on 5 December 2019).
0 occurrence detected · 1989 · view in the diagram
United Nations (2004) Convention on Jurisdictional Immunities of States and Their Property, UNGA Res. 59/38, arts 19 and 21. New York: United Nations. (Adopted; not in force — treaty status accessed 14 July 2026 at treaties.un.org. It is only one component of the analysis: national laws, customary law and waivers are the others.)
0 occurrence detected · 2004 · view in the diagram
United Nations (2015) Paris Agreement. Paris, 12 December 2015 (entered into force: 4 November 2016), in particular arts 4(2), 13, 14 and 15.
0 occurrence detected · 2015 · view in the diagram
United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (1991) Convention on Environmental Impact Assessment in a Transboundary Context (Espoo Convention). Espoo, 25 February 1991 (entered into force: 10 September 1997).
0 occurrence detected · 1991 · view in the diagram
United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (1998) Convention on Access to Information, Public Participation in Decision-making and Access to Justice in Environmental Matters (Aarhus Convention). Aarhus, 25 June 1998 (entered into force: 30 October 2001), in particular arts 9 and 15, and decision I/7 (2002).
0 occurrence detected · 1998 · view in the diagram
World Bank Group (2026) World Bank Group Boards Strengthen Independent Accountability Mechanisms. Press release, 9 June 2026. Washington, DC: World Bank Group. (The Boards approved the consolidation of the three existing mechanisms — the Inspection Panel, the Dispute Resolution Service and the IFC/MIGA Compliance Advisor Ombudsman — into a single independent mechanism reporting directly to the Boards.)
0 occurrence detected · 2026 · view in the diagram
World Trade Organization (1994) General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994; General Agreement on Trade in Services; Agreements on Technical Barriers to Trade and on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures.
0 occurrence detected · 1994 · view in the diagram
• A/RES/79/323, Sevilla Commitment — Resolution adopted on 25 August 2025 under the item on the follow-up to the International Conferences on Financing for Development.
0 occurrence detected · 2025 · view in the diagram
Datasets (10)
Bolt, J. and van Zanden, J.L. (2023) Maddison Project Database 2023. Groningen: Groningen Growth and Development Centre, University of Groningen. doi:10.34894/GG3DUT. (See also Bolt, J. and van Zanden, J.L. (2025) 'Maddison-style estimates of the evolution of the world economy: A new 2023 update', Journal of Economic Surveys. doi:10.1111/joes.12618.)
1 occurrence detected · 2023 · view in the diagram
Cited by: 2 The accountability deficit
Couldry, N. and Mejias, U.A. (2019) The Costs of Connection: How Data Is Colonizing Human Life and Appropriating It for Capitalism. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
1 occurrence detected · 2019 · view in the diagram
Cited by: 13.2 Objections and responses
Dattani, S., Rodés-Guirao, L., Ritchie, H. and Roser, M. (2023) 'Life expectancy', Our World in Data.
1 occurrence detected · 2023 · view in the diagram
Cited by: 2 Points to be validated by specialists
Drehmann, M. and Juselius, M. (2014) ‘Evaluating early warning indicators of banking crises: Satisfying policy requirements’, International Journal of Forecasting, 30(3), pp. 759–780. doi:10.1016/j.ijforecast.2013.10.002.
1 occurrence detected · 2014 · view in the diagram
IOSCO (2021) Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) Ratings and Data Products Providers, Final Report FR09/2021. Madrid: International Organization of Securities Commissions.
1 occurrence detected · 2021 · view in the diagram
Cited by: 5.3 Global Impact Rating Authority (GIRA) — the translation layer
Roser, M. and Ortiz-Ospina, E. (2023) 'Global extreme poverty', Our World in Data.
1 occurrence detected · 2023 · view in the diagram
Cited by: 2 The accountability deficit
Shehabi, A. et al. (2024) 2024 United States Data Center Energy Usage Report. Berkeley, CA: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.
1 occurrence detected · 2024 · view in the diagram
G.3 Identification strategy. Monetary policy shocks are identified at high frequency: for the Federal Reserve, the decomposition of Jarociński & Karadi (2020), which separates the pure policy surprise from the information component; for the European Central Bank, the EA-MPD event database (Altavilla et al., 2019), whose factor rotation (target, timing, forward guidance, balance-sheet measures) remains to be executed. Exposure is measured in a predetermined manner (lagged one period) and winsorised. Estimation rests
0 occurrence detected · 2020 · view in the diagram
Identifying restriction. The separation rests on the co-movement, around the announcement, between interest rates and the prices of risky assets. A pure policy tightening raises rates and depresses assets; a favourable information revelation raises both together. The sign restriction on this co-movement is what identifies the component; without it, a factor rotation produces orthogonal axes devoid of structural meaning. The protocol requires that the restriction be declared before estimation and that the sensitivit
0 occurrence detected · 2020 · view in the diagram
This annex lists recent items of primary-source evidence (2024-2026) that postdate or refine the argument of the present work. Each item is attached to the functional pillar it supports and to the limit that prevents any over-interpretation. The full screening database — two hundred items covering twenty families, each accompanied by an explicit verification status — is held in a separate research notebook; only those references individually verified against the source are cited here, each being listed in full in t
0 occurrence detected · 2024 · view in the diagram